A Social Security number (SSN) is one of the first practical identifiers many new immigrants need in the United States. It is used for employment and tax reporting and may also be requested when opening financial accounts or applying for credit, but it is not proof of immigration status or work authorization.
Who can apply for an SSN?
In general, noncitizens may qualify for an SSN if they have permission from the Department of Homeland Security to work in the United States. Some people may also qualify for a number for a valid non-work reason. Eligibility depends on the person’s immigration status and circumstances.
Can you request an SSN through the immigration process?
In some cases, yes. Applicants may be able to request an original or replacement SSN card as part of an immigrant visa or USCIS application by completing the Social Security questions included in the relevant form. This can reduce the need for a separate visit to a Social Security office.
If you requested an SSN during the immigration process, follow the delivery guidance that applies to your application before submitting a second request.
If you need to apply separately
If you are lawfully present in the United States and did not request an SSN through the immigration process, the Social Security Administration currently allows you to start the application online. You must then take the required original documents to a Social Security office or Card Center within the period stated by SSA.
If you cannot start online, complete Form SS-5 and contact SSA to arrange the required in-person step. SSA recommends waiting 10 days after arriving in the United States before applying separately, because this may make it easier to verify your immigration records.
Documents you may need
The exact documents depend on your status. SSA generally needs evidence of identity and current lawful, work-authorized immigration status. Examples may include:
- An unexpired foreign passport
- Form I-551, including an appropriate machine-readable immigrant visa
- Form I-94 or an admission stamp showing a work-authorized class of admission
- Form I-766, Employment Authorization Document
- For certain exchange visitors or students, Form DS-2019 or Form I-20 and any additional evidence SSA requires
Take original documents or copies certified by the issuing agency. Photocopies or notarized copies are generally not accepted unless SSA specifically says otherwise.
What happens after the appointment?
SSA verifies the information with the issuing agencies. Once the application is approved, the card is mailed to the address provided. Current SSA guidance says a card is generally mailed within 5 to 10 business days after approval, although verification issues can extend the timeline.
Practical cautions
- An SSN application is free.
- Use your name exactly as it appears on the identity and immigration documents you present.
- Do not carry your Social Security card routinely. Store it securely and share the number only when legitimately required.
- If your immigration category does not authorize employment, do not assume that needing an SSN creates work authorization.
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